Nicholas Carr’s book, “The Big Switch”, compares the current struggle between Client-Server and Cloud Computing to a similar struggle that took place more than one hundred years ago within the electric power industry. Thomas Edison, the great inventor, believed that electricity must be generated locally by every company or factory using generator equipment made by his company, General Electric, while his adversary and former colleague, Samuel Insull, believed that electricity generation was the job of a central utility, run by his company, Chicago Commonwealth. After a difficult and long fifteen year war between them, Insull won and Edison abandoned the generator manufacturing business. In today’s blog, I will discuss Carr’s analogy and explain why Cloud utility companies like Google, Amazon and Sales Force will win over Client-Server vendors like MS, IBM, etc.
When Insull took over Chicago Commonwealth in 1893, his strategy was to become the lowest cost producer of electricity and to lower prices to levels that competitors could not match. He was able to achieve this goal by bringing economies of scale to his production of electricity. Companies and factories that bought and operated Edison’s generator’s to provide electricity to its users had to operate a 24 hour service despite of the fact that electricity was consumed only a few hours a day. In modern terms, this is much like companies hosting their own servers to provide common IT services.
Insull recognized that the load factor in companies operating their own generators was too low and therefore set out to achieve higher load factors in his own operation. To do so, Insull lowered prices to attract companies from as many industries, in as many sizes, across as many areas as possible within the City of Chicago. At the same time, in order to achieve the lowest cost per kilowatt-hour generated, Insull strove to acquire and deploy the largest generators in the world, analogous to Cloud Data Centers in today’s struggle. Since Insull was able to achieve the highest load factor while operating the biggest generators, he was able to generate electricity at the lowest cost and was able to price his service much lower than the cost to companies and factories operating their own local generators.
Insull’s lower prices attracted increasing number of users, allowing him to lower prices even further. The resulting virtuous circle, from increasing users to decreasing prices, made it only a question of time as to when Insull’s utility would succeed. By 1918, more than fifty percent of the power consumed by factories and corporations in the City of Chicago was provided by utilities.
In my previous blog I described how Google, like Insull, is operating the biggest data center complexes in the world and Google’s share of the US and Europe Internet search market exceeds 67%. Utilization rates are not available for the Google Apps service, but since they are using the same servers for internet searches, we can safely assume that their load factor is pretty high, higher in any case than those for companies running their owns servers. Google is therefore able to price the Google Apps service much lower than what it costs corporations to operate their own servers.
It might seem unfair to compare the Google service against those of companies operating their own servers. How about comparing Google Apps and Microsoft Business Productivity Online Suite (BPOS) services? Due to their late start, the scale of Microsoft data centers is much smaller than that of Google’s planet wide computer (October Blog), but even if their scale were the same, their load factors would be significantly different. This is because the market share of Microsoft’s Internet search services is less than one tenth of Google’s share. Additionally, BPOS has probably a much smaller fraction of Google Apps’ share in the market for software as as service. This means that every day, Google serves ten times more queries than MS and therefore has a higher utilization rate for its data centers. Higher efficiencies lead to lower prices which lead to increasing numbers of users. It will only be a matter of time before the struggle is settled.
Will it take fifteen years, as in the struggle between Insull and Edison? A critical factor in the operation of a data center is efficiency in operation, in the simplest terms, this means turning out the greatest output for the lowest cost. Electricity cost accounts for most of the variable cost of operating a data center, and while the price of electricity for corporations has not changed much in the last 100 years, the explosive increase in the need for electricity in the last decade and the resulting uncontrolled burning of coal has created a planet wide global warming crisis. Since the price of electricity is bound to dramatically increase to reflect its impact on climate change, it is likely that the above struggle will be settled in much shorter time.